Exploring Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular typing through MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and machine-learning algorithms in Argentina: Identifying prevalent NON PCV13 serotypes alongside PCV13 serotypes.

Introduction: Laboratory surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes plays a crucial role in effectively implementing vaccines to prevent invasive pneumococcal diseases. The conventional method of serotyping, known as the Quellung reaction, is both time-consuming and expensive. However, the emergence of MALDI-TOF MS technology has revolutionized microbiology laboratories by enabling rapid and cost-effective serotyping based on protein profiles. Objectives: In this study, we aimed to investigate the viability of utilizing MALDI-TOF MS technology as an adjunctive and screening method for capsular typing of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Our approach involved developing classification models based on MALDI-TOF MS to discern between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains originating from PCV13 (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) and NON PCV13 isolates. Methods: Firstly, we established a comprehensive spectral database comprising isolates of serotypes present in the PCV13 vaccine, along with the top 10 most prevalent NON PCV13 serotypes based on local epidemiological data. This database served as a foundation for developing unsupervised models utilizing MALDI-TOF MS spectra, which enabled us to identify inherent patterns and relationships within the data. Our analysis involved a dataset comprising 215 new isolates collected from nationwide surveillance in Argentina. Our approach involved developing classification models based on MALDI-TOF MS to discern between Streptococcus pneumoniae strains originating from PCV13 (13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine) and NON PCV13 isolates. Results: Although our findings revealed suboptimal performance in serotype classification, they provide valuable insights into the potential of machine learning algorithms in this context. The sensitivity of the models ranged from 0.41 to 0.46, indicating their ability to detect certain serotypes. The observed specificity consistently remained at 0.60, suggesting a moderate level of accuracy in identifying non-vaccine serotypes. These results highlight the need for further refinement and optimization of the algorithms to enhance their discriminative power and predictive accuracy in serotype identification.By addressing the limitations identified in this study, such as exploring alternative feature selection techniques or optimizing algorithm parameters, we can unlock the full potential of machine learning in robust and reliable serotype classification of S. pneumoniae. Our work not only provides a comprehensive evaluation of multiple machine learning models but also emphasizes the importance of considering their strengths and limitations. Conclusion: Overall, our study contributes to the growing body of research on utilizing MALDI-TOF MS and machine learning algorithms for serotype identification purposes.

First Argentine database for the accurate identification of Brucella to species level by MALDI-TOF MS.

MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to be a fast and reliable method for the identification of a large number of taxonomic groups. It offers the advantage of being able to incorporate protein spectra of microorganisms that are absent or poorly represented in commercial databases, such as the genus Brucella. The aim of the study was to build the first database of protein spectra of local biological variants of Brucella in Argentina and of standard strains. First, the identification performance of a panel of 135 strains was evaluated with the Swedish database ¨Folkhälsomyndigheten¨ (containing protein spectra of several international standards of the genus Brucella) imported from the open access site https://spectra.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/spectra/. With this library 100 % of the strains were correctly identified by mass spectrometry to genus level, but not to species level. Due to the limitation found, an in-house database was designed with local Brucella isolates from Argentina and standard strains used in routine bacteriological diagnosis. For its validation, a panel of strains, different from those used to develop the extended local database (n: 177), was used to, simultaneously, challenge both libraries. The samples were processed by triplicate and the results obtained were: 177 strains correctly identified to genus and species level compared to the gold standard method (phenotypic typing), meeting the criteria accepted by the literature and the manufacturer as reliable identification. Only 2 of these isolates had score values lower than 2 (1.862) and were therefore not included in the calculation of results. According to these results, MALDI-TOF MS is a fast and reliable method for the routine identification of the different Brucella species, and even has the advantage of reducing the time of exposure to pathogenic microorganisms for laboratorians. It could be considered a valuable technique to replace, in the near future, the current conventional techniques due to the ease of transferring protein spectra, avoiding the use of reference strains that are difficult to find commercially available and commonly used in phenotypic typing.

Evaluation of the CHROMagar Candida Plus medium for presumptive identification of yeasts and MALDI-TOF MS identification.

Rapid and accurate yeasts species identification in clinical laboratories is important for appropriate and timely antifungal treatment. We evaluate the performance of the new medium CHROMagar™ Candida Plus for presumptive identification of yeasts species and MALDI-TOF identification. We identify 303 strains belonging to 60 clinically relevant yeasts species by using the new medium. Presumptive identification was correct at the Candida albicans complex, Candida tropicalis and Pichia kudriavzevii (Candida krusei) species. However, although this medium was able to identify all Candida auris and Candida glabrata strains, other species were misidentified as C. auris or C. glabrata. A total of 215 strains were identified by using MALDI-TOF and evaluated two incubation temperatures (30°C and 37°C) and two incubation times (24 h and 72 h). Most strains (94%; 202/215) were correctly identified at the species (n:190) or complex level (n:12) at both temperatures and incubation times. However, we observed that the time of incubation (24 h vs. 72 h) affects the score values when yeasts are incubated at 37°C, but does not affect score values when yeasts are incubated at 30°C. In conclusion, the new medium has a good performance in the presumptive identification of the C. albicans complex, C. tropicalis and P. kudriavzevii (C. krusei). In addition, this medium is useful for the screening of C. auris and C. glabrata isolates, but identification should be confirmed by other more specific techniques, like MALDI-TOF.

Rapid and accurate detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O157 : H7 by mass spectrometry directly from the isolate, using 10 potential biomarker peaks and machine learning predictive models.

Introduction. The different pathotypes of Escherichia coli can produce a large number of human diseases. Surveillance is complex since their differentiation is not easy. In particular, the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O157 : H7 consists of stool culture of a diarrhoeal sample on enriched and/or selective media and identification of presumptive colonies and confirmation, which require a certain level of training and are time-consuming and expensive.Hypothesis. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a quick and easy way to obtain the protein spectrum of a microorganism, identify the genus and species, and detect potential biomarker peaks of certain characteristics.Aim. To verify the usefulness of MALDI-TOF MS to rapidly identify and differentiate STEC O157 : H7 from other E. coli pathotypes.Methodology. The direct method was employed, and the information obtained using Microflex LT platform-based analysis from 60 clinical isolates (training set) was used to detect differences between the peptide fingerprints of STEC O157 : H7 and other E. coli strains. The protein profiles detected laid the foundations for the development and evaluation of machine learning predictive models in this study.Results. The detection of potential biomarkers in combination with machine learning predictive models in a new set of 142 samples, called 'test set', achieved 99.3 % (141/142) correct classification, allowing us to distinguish between the isolates of STEC O157 : H7 and the other E. coli group. Great similarity was also observed with respect to this last group and the Shigella species when applying the potential biomarkers algorithm, allowing differentiation from STEC O157 : H7Conclusion. Given that STEC O157 : H7 is the main causal agent of haemolytic uremic syndrome, and based on the performance values obtained in the present study (sensitivity=98.5 % and specificity=100.0 %), the implementation of this technique provides a proof of principle for MALDI-TOF MS and machine learning to identify biomarkers to rapidly screen or confirm STEC O157 : H7 versus other diarrhoeagenic E. coli in the future.

Invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from pediatric population in Argentina for the period 2006-2019. Temporal progression of serotypes distribution and antibiotic resistance.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of severe invasive disease associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. A total of 2908 pneumococcal isolates were analyzed between 2006 and 2019. Gold standard pneumococcal serotyping (the Neufeld-Quellung reaction) was performed to identify the serotypes associated with infection in children < 5 years in Argentina and agar dilution method was carried out to determine their profiles to 14 antimicrobial agents. In 2012, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was included in the National Immunization Program. In this work we have analyzed the local epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal diseases before and after the introduction of this vaccine in order to understand the epidemiological relevance and impact of PCV13. During the periods compared in the present study there was a significant increase in the proportion of non-PCV13 serotypes, serogroup 24 (246.7%) and 12F (85.7%), and a significant decrease in PCV13 serotypes, including serotypes 14 (91.2%), 5 (95.6%) and 1 (84.6%) among others. Another observation was that serotypes 3 (7.4%) and 19A (4.9%) still remain among the most frequent serotypes despite being part of the PCV13 formulation. Regarding antimicrobial resistance, in the present study we observed an increase in erythromycin resistance during the period of study mainly associated to serotype 14 in the pre-PCV13 period and to serogroup 24 in the post-PCV13 period, which also was the major NVT serotype associated with antimicrobial resistance and MDR. Serotypes 14, 24A/B/F and 19A were in the first three places among isolates resistant to all the antibiotics tested. Our data highlight the importance of continuous surveillance to assess the impact of pneumococcal vaccines and the use of antibiotics in the dynamic of pneumococcal serotypes.

Prospective multicenter evaluation of real time PCR Kit prototype for early diagnosis of congenital Chagas disease.

BACKGROUND: Current algorithm for Congenital Chagas Disease (cCD) diagnosis is unsatisfactory due to low sensitivity of the parasitological methods. Moreover, loss to follow-up precludes final serodiagnosis after nine months of life in many cases. A duplex TaqMan qPCR kit for Trypanosoma cruzi DNA amplification was prospectively evaluated in umbilical cord (UCB) and peripheral venous blood (PVB) of infants born to CD mothers at endemic and non-endemic sites of Argentina. METHODS: We enrolled and followed-up 370 infants; qPCR was compared to gold-standard cCD diagnosis following studies of diagnostic accuracy guidelines. FINDINGS: Fourteen infants (3·78%) had cCD. The qPCR sensitivity and specificity were higher in PVB (72·73%, 99·15% respectively) than in UCB (66·67%, 96·3%). Positive and negative predictive values were 80 and 98·73% and 50 and 98·11% for PVB and UCB, respectively. The Areas under the Curve (AUC) of ROC analysis for qPCR and micromethod (MM) were 0·81 and 0·67 in UCB and 0·86 and 0·68 in PVB, respectively. Parasitic loads ranged from 37·5 to 23,709 parasite equivalents/mL. Discrete typing Unit Tc V was identified in five cCD patients and in six other cCD cases no distinction among Tc II, Tc V or Tc VI was achieved. INTERPRETATION: This first prospective field study demonstrated that qPCR was more sensitive than MM for early cCD detection and more accurate in PVB than in UCB. Its use, as an auxiliary diagnostic tool to MM will provide more accurate records on cCD incidence. FUNDING: FITS SALUD 001-CHAGAS (FONARSEC, MINCyT, Argentina) to the Public-Private Consortium (INGEBI-CONICET, INP-ANLIS MALBRAN and Wiener Laboratories); ERANET-LAC-HD 328 to AGS and PICT 2015-0074 (FONCYT, MinCyT) to AGS and FA.

Evaluation of RT-qPCR and Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina.

Our aim was to evaluate the analytical and clinical performance of the SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection kits used in Argentina. Nine real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and three reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assays were evaluated using the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended test as reference method. A secondary standard calibrated for the E, N and RdRp genes against the Pan American Health Organization-World Health Organization-International Standard was used to calculate the limit of detection (LoD). A panel of artificial clinical samples, 32 positive and 30 negative for SARS-CoV-2, were analyzed to estimate the kappa concordance (κ) and the diagnostic performance. Differences among the LoD values for the target genes amplified by each kit were >1 log copies/reaction. The κ for the RT-qPCR kits was greater than 0.9, whereas that for the RT-LAMP assays ranged from 0.75 to 0.93. The clinical performance of RT-qPCR kits showed 100% specificity and high sensitivity, although with variations according to the gene analyzed. The E and N genes provided greater clinical sensitivity, whereas the RdRp gene increased the clinical specificity. The RT-LAMP assays revealed a variable diagnostic performance. The information provided can be useful to choose the most appropriate diagnostic test and may contribute to the establishment of a consensus in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina and the region.

New enzyme-linked immunoassay for the detection of specific antibodies against multiple Leptospira serogroups in bovine sera.

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with worldwide endemicity in Argentina, it is a significant public health problem in low-income populations. Bovine leptospirosis is a serious economic problem for cattle production, causing abortions, reduced milk yield, mortality in calves and decreased daily weight gain. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with sonicated Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Copenhageni M 20. We evaluated its performance for the detection of specific antibodies against multiple Leptospira serogroups in bovine. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was used as the gold standard. The performance of this ELISA was evaluated with a panel of sera (118 MAT confirmed positive and 97 MAT negative). The overall sensitivity was close to 85.6 % and the specificity was 83.5 %, according to the MAT reference method. Analytical specificity of the IgG-ELISA was evaluated using 50 bovine serum samples from animals showing serum antibodies against other pathogens that cause abortion in bovine, such as Brucella sp., Neospora sp. and Bovine Viral Diarrhea (BVD), and no cross-reaction was observed. This IgG-ELISA can be an alternative to the MAT for diagnosis of leptospiral infection in bovine.

Toxicological study of bee venom (Apis mellifera mellifera) from different regions of the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Samples of Apis mellifera mellifera venom from different hives in two regions of the Buenos Aires province and its pool were analyzed for their lethal potency, myotoxic, defibrinogenating, hemolytic and inflammatory-edematizing activity and for the histological alterations they produce in the heart, lungs, kidneys, skeletal muscle and liver of mice. In vitro studies focused on the venom's hemolytic activity in different systems and species (horse, man, sheep and rabbit), the cytotoxicity in cellular lines, and on the proteolytic and coagulant activity in plasma and fibrinogen. Hemolytic activity, either observed in vitro or in vivo, showed similar toxicity levels for all samples. Erythrocytes of different species varied in their sensitivity to the venom pool, equines being the most sensitive and sheep the most resistant to direct hemolytic action. Local and systemic myotoxicity was evidenced by either the elevation of serum creatine kinase and/or histopathological lesions, observed in different muscles. All samples caused significant pathological alterations; pulmonary, cardiac, renal and skeletal muscle lesions were substantive and can be related to the pathophysiological mechanisms of envenomation. The venoms from different apiaries and regions of the Buenos Aires province showed very similar toxicological characteristics. These results suggest that severity of envenomation in case of a swarming could therefore be more related to the number of bees than to the differential toxicity of the venom from different regions of the province. This is the first study on the toxicity and toxicological characteristics of Apis mellifera venom in Argentina.

Distribution of PCV13 and PPSV23 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Argentinean adults with invasive disease, 2013-2017 / Distribución de los serotipos PCV13 y PPSV23 de Streptococcus pneumoniae en adultos argentinos con enfermedad invasiva, 2013-2017

Abstract Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of severe invasive disease associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. To identify the serotypes most commonly associated with infection in adults in Argentina, 791 pneumococcal isolates from 56 hospitals belonging to 16 provinces and Buenos Aires city were serotyped. The isolates were submitted as part of a National Surveillance Program for invasive pneumococcal disease in adults, which started in 2013. Serotypes 3, 8, 12F, 7F and 1 were the most prevalent among adult patients. During the study period there was no significant difference in serotype distribution between the age groups studied (18-64 and >65 years old), except for serotype 1, 3 and 23A. Most prevalent serotypes in pneumonia were serotype 7F, 1, 12F, 8, and 3. When the clinical diagnosis was meningitis, serotype 3 and 12F were the most prevalent, whereas when the diagnosis was sep-sis/bacteremia the most prevalent was serotype 8. In this work, for the 18-64-year-old group, PPSV23 and PCV13 serotypes accounted for 74.56% and 44.54% respectively of the cases in the studied period. On the other hand, for the >65-year-old group, these serotypes represented 72.30% and 41.42% respectively. The aim of this work was to establish the knowledge bases of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal diseases in the adult population in Argentina and to be able to detect changes in their distribution over time in order to explore the potential serotype coverage of the vaccines in current use.

Resumen Streptococcus pneumoniae es una causa importante de enfermedad invasiva grave asociada con una alta mortalidad y morbilidad en todo el mundo. Para identificar los serotipos principales asociados con la infección en adultos en Argentina, 791 aislamientos de neumococo de 56 hospitales pertenecientes a 16 provincias y la ciudad de Buenos Aires fueron serotipificados. Los aislamientos fueron remitidos como parte del Programa Nacional de Vigilancia para la enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en adultos, que comenzó en 2013. Los serotipos 3, 8, 12F, 7F y 1 fueron los más prevalentes. Durante el período de estudio no hubo diferencias significativas en la distribución de serotipos entre los dos grupos de adultos estudiados (18-64 y >65 años), excepto para los serotipos 1, 3 y 23A. Los serotipos más prevalentes en casos de neumonía fueron 7F, 1, 12F, 8 y 3. Cuando el diagnóstico clínico fue meningitis, los serotipos 3 y 12F fueron los más prevalentes. Y el serotipo 8 fue el más prevalente en la sepsis/bacteriemia. En el grupo de 18-64 años, los serotipos PPSV23 y PCV13 representaron, respectivamente, el 74,56 y el 44,54% de los casos de enfermedad invasiva en el período estudiado. En el grupo de >65 años, estos serotipos representaron el 72,30 y 41,42%, respectivamente. Es importante conocer los serotipos causantes de infecciones neumocócicas invasivas en la población adulta en Argentina y detectar eventuales cambios en su distribución a lo largo del tiempo, para explorar la potencial cobertura de las vacunas utilizadas.

Testing of In Vitro Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to Azithromycin: Comparison of Disk Diffusion and Reference Agar Dilution Methods.

Azithromycin in combination with ceftriaxone is recommended as the first-line treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea in many countries. Therefore, monitoring of azithromycin susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates is essential. In 2019, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) listed the MIC breakpoint for a susceptible-only category to azithromycin, but breakpoints for disk diffusion are not yet available. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of disk diffusion for testing the susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae isolates to azithromycin. A total of 189 clinical isolates susceptible and nonsusceptible to azithromycin were used. Agar dilution MICs were correlated with inhibition zone diameters of azithromycin disks (15-µg) manufactured by BBL and Oxoid. In addition, an interlaboratory study involving two clinical microbiology laboratories was conducted. There was a strong correlation between disk diffusion and agar dilution for BBL disks (r = -0.74; P < 0.001) and Oxoid disks (r = -0.75; P < 0.001). Using a zone diameter breakpoint of ≥27 mm (susceptible) and ≤26 mm (nonsusceptible) yielded good separation between susceptible and nonsusceptible isolates and the least number of discrepancies. Compared to agar dilution, disk diffusion showed high agreement and kappa values of 95.2% and 0.899 (P < 0.001) for BBL disks and 96.8% and 0.933 (P < 0.001) for Oxoid disks, respectively. Major and very major discrepancies were observed in isolates with azithromycin MICs (1 and 2 µg/ml, respectively) near to the breakpoint. These data illustrate that disk diffusion could be a reliable method in clinical laboratories to test susceptibility to azithromycin in N. gonorrhoeae isolates.

Distribution of PCV13 and PPSV23 Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes in Argentinean adults with invasive disease, 2013-2017.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of severe invasive disease associated with high mortality and morbidity worldwide. To identify the serotypes most commonly associated with infection in adults in Argentina, 791 pneumococcal isolates from 56 hospitals belonging to 16 provinces and Buenos Aires city were serotyped. The isolates were submitted as part of a National Surveillance Program for invasive pneumococcal disease in adults, which started in 2013. Serotypes 3, 8, 12F, 7F and 1 were the most prevalent among adult patients. During the study period there was no significant difference in serotype distribution between the age groups studied (18-64 and ≥65 years old), except for serotype 1, 3 and 23A. Most prevalent serotypes in pneumonia were serotype 7F, 1, 12F, 8, and 3. When the clinical diagnosis was meningitis, serotype 3 and 12F were the most prevalent, whereas when the diagnosis was sepsis/bacteremia the most prevalent was serotype 8. In this work, for the 18-64-year-old group, PPSV23 and PCV13 serotypes accounted for 74.56% and 44.54% respectively of the cases in the studied period. On the other hand, for the ≥65-year-old group, these serotypes represented 72.30% and 41.42% respectively. The aim of this work was to establish the knowledge bases of the serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal diseases in the adult population in Argentina and to be able to detect changes in their distribution over time in order to explore the potential serotype coverage of the vaccines in current use.

Evaluación del método de ELISA para detección de anticuerpos anti-cisticercos en sueros humanos / Evaluation of the ELISA method for the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in human sera / Avaliação do método ELISA para a detecção de anticorpos anti-cisticercos em soros humanos

La neurocisticercosis (NCC) es la localización en el sistema nervioso central (SNC) humano de la parasitosis provocada por el estadio larvario de la Taenia solium, el cisticerco, que prevalece en áreas urbanas y rurales y constituye un problema de salud pública. El diagnóstico puede efectuarse por exploración imagenológica del SNC con resonancia magnética o tomografía axial computarizada, no siempre disponible, y por pruebas de inmunoensayo (EIA) en sangre, que aportan al diagnóstico rapidez, bajo costo y transferibilidad. Para evaluar su capacidad diagnóstica y validar la precisión de la técnica de ELISA (ensayo inmunoabsorbente ligado a enzimas), en la detección de anticuerpos anti-cisticercos en sueros humanos, se diseñó una seroteca en forma aleatoria y en doble ciego, y se realizó el ELISA con las muestras, utilizando placas sensibilizadas con antígenos obtenidos del fluido vesicular de cisticercos de T. solium. Para la validación se realizaron 20 ensayos empleando controles positivos y negativos, por cuadruplicado en diferentes días, y realizados por más de un operador; el punto de corte para este método fue una densidad óptica de 0,325. La precisión intralaboratorio para el control débil (media=0,532±0,09) fue de %CV=17,51±0,09, y un valor de repetibilidad de %CV=7,04±0,04, cifras que se encuentran dentro de los límites esperados para el método. Con estos resultados se puede concluir que la precisión del ELISA para el serodiagnóstico de NCC se encuentra validada. El ensayo validado proporcionó resultados coherentes y repetidos que permitieron discriminar entre dos resultados dicotómicos y establecer con exactitud la condición de una posible infección, con un nivel de certidumbre estadística predeterminado.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the location in the human central nervous system (CNS) of the parasitosis caused by the larval stage of Taenia solium, the cysticercus which prevails in urban and rural areas, constituting a public health problem. Diagnosis can be made by CNS imaging with magnetic resonance or computerized axial tomography, not always available, and by blood immunoassay (EIA) tests, which provide rapidity, low cost and transferability. In order to evaluate its diagnostic capacity and validate the ELISA (Enzyme- Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay) technique in the detection of anti-cysticercus antibodies in human sera, a collection of sera was designed in a randomized and double-blind manner, and the ELISA was performed with the samples, using plates sensitized with antigens obtained from the vesicular fluid of T. solium cysticerci. Twenty trials were conducted, using positive and negative controls, in quadruplicate, on different days, and performed by more than one operator; the cutoff for this method was an optical density of 0.325. The intralaboratory precision for the weak control (mean=0.532±0.09) was %CV=17.51±0.09, and a repeatability value of %CV=7.04±0.04, figures that are within the expected limits for the method, It can be concludedthat the accuracy of the ELISA for serodiagnosis of NCC is validated. The validated test provided consistent and repeated results, which made it possible to discriminate between two dichotomous outcomes, and to establish with accuracy the condition of a possible infection, with a predetermined level of statistical certainty.

A neurocisticercose (NCC) é o local no sistema nervoso central (SNC) humano de parasitose causada pelo estágio larval da Taenia solium, o cisticerco, prevalecente em áreas urbanas e rurais, constituindo um problema de saúde pública. O diagnóstico pode ser feito por varredura imagenológica do SNC com ressonância magnética ou tomografia axial computadorizada, nem sempre disponível, e por testes de imunoensaio (EIA) em sangue, que fornecem ao diagnóstico rapidez, baixo custo e portabilidade. Para avaliar a sua capacidade de diagnóstico e validar a precisão da técnica de ELISA (ensaio imunoabsorvente ligado a enzimas), na detecção de anticorpos anti-cisticercos em soros humanos, um serrarium foi projetado em forma aleatória e em duplo cego, e foi realizado com as amostras o ELISA, utilizando placas sensibilizadas com antígenos derivados do fluido vesicular de cisticercos de T. solium. 20 testes para validação foram realizados, utilizando controles positivos e negativos, em quadruplicado, em dias diferentes, e realizados por mais de um operador; o ponto de corte para este método era uma densidade óptica de 0,325. A precisão intralaboratorial para o controle fraco (média=0,532±0,09) foi de CV%=17,51±0,09, e um valor de repetibilidade de CV%=7,04±0,04, valores que estão dentro dos limites esperados para o método, podendo concluir com esses resultados que a precisão do ELISA para diagnóstico sorológico de NCC é validado. O ensaio validado forneceu resultados consistentes e repetidos, o que permitiu discriminar entre dois resultados dicotômicos e identificar com exatidão a condição de possível infecção com um nível de certeza pré-determinado estatisticamente.

Utility of platforms Viteks MS and Microflex LT for the identification of complex clinical isolates that require molecular methods for their taxonomic classification.

Mass spectrometry has revolutionized the clinical microbiology field in America's and Europe's industrialized countries, for being a fast, reliable and inexpensive technique. Our study is based on the comparison of the performance of two commercial platforms, Microflex LT (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany) and Vitek MS (bioMérieux, Marcy l´Etoile, France) for the identification of unusual and hard-to-diagnose microorganisms in a Reference Laboratory in Argentina. During a four-month period (February-May 2018) the diagnostic efficiency and the concordance between both systems were assessed, and the results were compared with the polyphasic taxonomic identification of all isolates. The study included 265 isolates: 77 Gram-Negative Bacilli, 33 Gram-Positive Cocci, 40 Anaerobes, 35 Actinomycetales, 19 Fastidious Microorganisms and 61 Gram-Positive Bacilli. All procedures were practiced according to the manufacturer's recommendations in each case by duplicate, and strictly in parallel. Other relevant factors, such as the utility of the recommended extraction protocols, reagent stability and connectivity were also evaluated. Both systems correctly identified the majority of the isolates to species and complex level (82%, 217/265). Vitex MS achieved a higher number of correct species-level identifications between the gram-positive microorganisms; however, it presented greater difficulty in the identification of non-fermenting bacilli and a higher number of incorrect identifications when the profile of the microorganism was not represented in the commercial database. Both platforms showed an excellent performance on the identification of anaerobic bacteria and fastidious species. Both systems enabled the fast and reliable identification of most of the tested isolates and were shown to be very practical for the user.

Eficiencia global diagnóstica del equipo concentrador de enteroparásitos Mini Parasep® SF / Global diagnostic efficiency of the enteroparasite concentrator Mini Parasep® SF kit

Las enteroparasitosis poseen una distribución universal, tanto en zonas rurales como urbanas, y afectan principalmente a la población infantil, para la cual representan un problema muy frecuente en salud pública. El daño ocasionado en el aparato digestivo puede causar en los niños retardo de la maduración, alteraciones del estado nutricional y bajo rendimiento escolar. Respecto del diagnóstico etiológico, la aplicación de técnicas de concentración a las muestras fecales, previa a la observación microscópica, mejora la sensibilidad, debido a que la excreción de elementos parasitarios puede, en ocasiones, ser escasa o intermitente. Los métodos de sedimentación como el de Telemann son los más empleados en el diagnóstico parasitológico, aunque poseen la desventaja del uso de éter etílico, compuesto moderadamente tóxico. Con el objetivo de evaluar la eficiencia global diagnóstica del equipo Mini Parasep® SF, y su confiabilidad durante su empleo, se procesaron 148 muestras de materia fecal por los métodos de Telemann modificado y Mini Parasep® SF. Una vez aplicados los métodos convencionales, el diagnóstico microscópico fue realizado por dos observadores a través de una investigación a doble ciego. Del total de muestras analizadas (n=148) y desagregando aquellas positivas en resultados individuales cuando éstas tenían más de un agente etiológico (ntotal=234), el 65,8% (154/234) fueron positivas y el 34,2% (80/234) negativas. A partir de observaciones aleatorizadas y repetidas se estimó la acordancia de resultados intraoperador en 90,3% y entre operadores en 90,5%. A partir de las observaciones independientes, se obtuvo un índice de concordancia entre operadores, Kappa=0,83 (muy bueno). No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los valores de sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) estimados para cada uno de los observadores (O) con un IC95%, (S/O1) 94,8%; (S/O2) 97,4%; y (E/O1) 92,5%; (E/O2) 95,0%. La eficiencia global del test según operador fue 94,02% y 96,58 respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que ambas técnicas podrían ser empleadas para concentrar muestras fecales para investigar enteroparásitos. El método Mini Parasep® SF demostró ser sencillo, rápido y efectivo, y no necesitó éter como solvente orgánico, y por su eficiencia global, podría ser útil en aquellos laboratorios imposibilitados de utilizar las técnicas convencionales.

Enteroparasitoses have a universal distribution, both in rural and urban areas, and they affect mainly the infant population, for which reason they represent a very frequent problem in public health. The damage caused in the digestive system can give rise to retardation in children, changes in nutritional status and poor school performance. With respect to the etiological diagnosis, the application of concentration techniques to fecal samples, prior to microscopic observation, improves sensitivity, taking into account that the excretion of parasitic elements can sometimes be scarce or intermittent. Sedimentation methods such as Telemann, are the most widely used in the parasitological diagnosis, although they have the disadvantage of the use of ethyl ether, a moderately toxic compound. In order to evaluate the overall diagnostic efficiency of the Mini Parasep® SF kit, and its reliability during its use, 148 stool samples were processed by modified Telemann and Mini Parasep® SF methods. Once the conventional methods were applied, the microscopic diagnosis was made by two observers through double-blind research. Of the total samples analyzed (n=148) and disaggregating positive ones in individual results when they had more than one etiological agent (n total=234), 65.8% (154/234) were positive and 34.2% (80/234) negative. Based on randomized and repeated observations, the accordance of intraoperator results was estimated at 90.3% and between operators at 90.5%. From the independent observations, a concordance index between operators was obtained, Kappa=0.83 (very good). No statistically significant differences were observed between the values of sensitivity (S) and specificity (E) estimated for each of the observers (O) with an IC95%, (S/O1) 94.8%; (S/O2) 97.4%; and (E/O1) 92.5%; (E/O2) 95.0%. The overall efficiency of the test according to the operator was 94.02% and 96.58 respectively. The results obtained suggest that both techniques could be used to concentrate fecal samples to investigate enteroparasites. The Mini Parasep® SF method proved to be simple, fast and effective, and did not need ether as an organic solvent. Because of its overall efficiency, it could be useful in laboratories that are unable to use conventional techniques.

As enteroparasitoses têm uma distribuição universal, tanto em áreas rurais como urbanas, e afetam principalmente a população infantil, para as quais representam um problema muito frequente na saúde pública. Os danos causados no sistema digestivo podem causar retardamento em crianças, alterações no estado nutricional e baixo desempenho escolar. No diagnóstico etiológico, as técnicas de concentração de aplicação para amostras fecais, antes da observação microscópica, melhoram a sensibilidade, uma vez que a excreção de elementos parasitas pode por vezes ser pouco ou intermitente. Métodos de sedimentação, como Telemann, são os mais utilizados no diagnóstico parasitológico, embora tenham a desvantagem do uso de éter etílico, um composto moderadamente tóxico. Para avaliar a eficiência diagnóstica geral do kit Mini Parasep® SF e sua confiabilidade durante o uso, 148 amostras de fezes foram processadas pelos métodos modificado Telemann e Mini Parasep® SF. Uma vez que os métodos convencionais foram aplicados, o diagnóstico microscópico foi feito por dois observadores através de pesquisa duplo-cego. De todas as amostras testadas (n=148) e desagregando esses resultados positivos quando estes indivíduo tinha mais do que um agente etiológico (N total=234), 65,8% (154/234) foram positivos, e 34,2% (80/234) negativos. Com base em observações aleatórias e repetidas, a acordância dos resultados intraoperatórios foi estimada em 90,3% e entre os operadores em 90,5%. A partir das observações independentes, obteve-se um índice de concordância entre os operadores, Kappa=0,83 (muito bom). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os valores de sensibilidade (S) e especificidade (E) estimados para cada um dos observadores (O) com IC95%, (S/O1) 94,8%; (S/O2) 97,4%; e (E/O1) 92,5%; (E/O2) 95,0%. A eficiência global do teste de acordo com o operador foi de 94,02% e 96,58, respectivamente. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que ambas as técnicas podem ser usadas para concentrar amostras fecais para investigar enteroparasitas. O método Mini Parasep® SF mostrou-se simples, rápido e efetivo, não necessitando de éter como solvente orgânico e, devido à sua eficiência global, pode ser útil em laboratórios incapazes de utilizar técnicas convencionais.

The classical Bordetella species and MALDI-TOF technology: a brief experience.

PURPOSE: The aim of this work was to evaluate and optimize the identification of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella parapertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica (usually known as the classical Bordetella species) using Bruker Biotyper matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). METHODOLOGY: A set of 106 previously characterized clinical isolates was used. The results were interpreted according to the manufacturer's recommendations and, in addition, a new score value cutoff was used for species identification. Further, the 10 % rule (previously adopted by other authors) and the new 5 % breaking point (proposed in this work) were evaluated in order to optimize identification rates.Results/Key findings. Our results suggest that it is possible to distinguish different species of the classical Bordetella species by following a simple algorithm without additional testing being required. CONCLUSION: MALDI-TOF might be a reliable tool for the identification of this group of bacteria when a combination of cutoff scores is used. This procedure allows us to increase the identification rates for the classical Bordetella species significantly; however, more studies will be required to determine the applicability of the method to other difficult-to-distinguish organisms.

The interplay between local immune response and Epstein-Barr virus-infected tonsillar cells could lead to viral infection control.

Epstein Barr virus (EBV) gains access to the host through tonsillar crypts. Our aim was to characterize microenvironment composition around EBV+ cells in tonsils from pediatric carriers, to disclose its role on viral pathogenesis. LMP1 expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC), was used to discriminate EBV + and - zones in 41 tonsil biopsies. Three regions were defined: Subepithelial (SE), interfollicular (IF) and germinal center (GC). CD8, GrB, CD68, IL10, Foxp3, PD1, CD56 and CD4 markers were evaluated by IHC; positive cells/100 total cells were counted. CD8+, GrB+, CD68+ and IL10+ cells were prevalent in EBV+ zones at the SE region (p < 0.0001, p = 0.03, p = 0.002 and p = 0.002 respectively, Wilcoxon test). CD4+ and CD68+ cell count were higher in EBV + GC (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0002 respectively, Wilcoxon test). Increment of CD8, GrB and CD68 at the SE region could indicate a specific response that may be due to local homing at viral entry, which could be counterbalanced by IL10, an immunosuppressive cytokine. Additionally, it could be hypothesized that CD4 augment at the GC may be involved in the EBV-induced B-cell growth control at this region, in which macrophages could also participate.

Comparison of disk diffusion and agar dilution methods for gentamicin susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

Gentamicin is a promising antibiotic for the treatment of multidrug-resistant gonorrhea. The aim of this study was to analyze the suitability and reliably of disk diffusion to monitor the susceptibility to gentamicin. We studied 237 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates obtained in 2013 and 2015. Reference MICs were correlated with inhibition zone diameters (in millimeters) of gentamicin 10 µg disks manufactured by BBL and Oxoid. The Pearson correlation between disk diffusion and agar dilution was r = -.68 (P < 0.001) for BBL disk and r = -.71 (P < 0.001) for Oxoid disk. No very major or major discrepancies were detected. However, a high percentage of minor discrepancies was observed (44.7%, BBL disk) and (21.9%, Oxoid disk). By adjusting the susceptible breakpoint to S ≥ 17 mm, the minor discrepancies rate was reduced to 19.4% (BBL disk) and 10.1% (Oxoid disk). The disk diffusion may be a screening method in clinical laboratories to detect the gentamicin susceptibility of N. gonorrhoeae.

First external quality assurance program for bloodstream Real-Time PCR monitoring of treatment response in clinical trials of Chagas disease.

Real-Time PCR (qPCR) testing is recommended as both a diagnostic and outcome measurement of etiological treatment in clinical practice and clinical trials of Chagas disease (CD), but no external quality assurance (EQA) program provides performance assessment of the assays in use. We implemented an EQA system to evaluate the performance of molecular biology laboratories involved in qPCR based follow-up in clinical trials of CD. An EQA program was devised for three clinical trials of CD: the E1224 (NCT01489228), a pro-drug of ravuconazole; the Sampling Study (NCT01678599), that used benznidazole, both conducted in Bolivia; and the CHAGASAZOL (NCT01162967), that tested posaconazole, conducted in Spain. Four proficiency testing panels containing negative controls and seronegative blood samples spiked with 1, 10 and 100 parasite equivalents (par. eq.)/mL of four Trypanosoma cruzi stocks, were sent from the Core Lab in Argentina to the participating laboratories located in Bolivia and Spain. Panels were analyzed simultaneously, blinded to sample allocation, at 4-month intervals. In addition, 302 random blood samples from both trials carried out in Bolivia were sent to Core Lab for retesting analysis. The analysis of proficiency testing panels gave 100% of accordance (within laboratory agreement) and concordance (between laboratory agreement) for all T. cruzi stocks at 100 par. eq./mL; whereas their values ranged from 71 to 100% and from 62 to 100% at 1 and 10 par. eq./mL, respectively, depending on the T. cruzi stock. The results obtained after twelve months of preparation confirmed the stability of blood samples in guanidine-EDTA buffer. No significant differences were found between qPCR results from Bolivian laboratory and Core Lab for retested clinical samples. This EQA program for qPCR analysis of CD patient samples may significantly contribute to ensuring the quality of laboratory data generated in clinical trials and molecular diagnostics laboratories of CD.